CHAPTER 1
The Problem and Its
Background
Introduction
This study analyses the first aid
preparation, skills and knowledge of the community during calamities. Since
student nurses are exposed in the different communities, we became interested
in how well the communities are prepared during calamities or disaster.
This study will evaluate how much
knowledge the community has to cope up to certain calamities and what things
needed in times of calamities. Our country is very prone to these kinds of
calamities because our archipelago is located near the western edge of the
Pacific Ocean, is in direct path of
seasonal typhoons and monsoon rains that can bring calamities such as floods,
storms, and landslides to some areas and other forms of devastation. Our country
is also in the “ring of fire” where continental plates collide and thus
experience periodic earthquakes and volcanic eruption.
It shows weakness of a community in
the presence of various calamities or disaster through improper practices
during calamities and ineffective in precautions measures given by the
authorities that cause problems.
Significance of the Study
The result of this study will provide some insights
and information on how well the barrage officials and barrage health workers
prepared for natural calamities since our country has full of natural calamities including
landslides, floods, flashfloods, Tsunami, earthquakes
and super typhoons in the past few months, in which thousands of people
were killed, buried under the thick mad and many lost
their homes. The usefulness and relevant of this information acquired
from the study will encourage them to continue and develop their knowledge and
skills in preparation for unexpected calamities or
disaster. The
results of this study could help them realize that accidents and harm could be
prevented if better understanding of the situation and proper preparation must be
implemented. The
findings may also serve as a guide to the local government about the people’s
awareness, ability and effective preparations before
calamity strike. Hopefully, this study will help the community to develop awareness, alertness and prevent panic in
times of calamities to reduce the number of accidents
and casualties. Finally, this study will make them aware of existing trainings,
associations and organizations that can help them to improve their capability in dealing with the different calamities encountered in the
community. It also motivates the community to
develop awareness and preparedness through the help of the barangay officials
and barangay health workers.
The result of the study will benefit the
following:
Barangay Officials – the authorize
persons who manned the community in times of emergency, calamities or disaster
Barangay
health workers –persons who serve as the frontline in the health care services
in the community
Community
– people in certain locality who will help in the
maintenance of safe environment for their common good
Researchers
– this will give more information and knowledge about the first-aid and calamity preparation, skills, and knowledge to the family
during natural calamities
School
– serves as reference of other studies relating to
disaster and calamity.
Department
of Health – leading agency in coordinating, integrating, supervising, and implementing disaster related functions
Non-Government
and Local Government Unit – will
help the barangay officials and barangay health workers in conducting training during emergency
situation or calamities
Theoretical Framework
Public disaster agency authority is formally determined
by the discretion granted in authorizing statutes. Agency discretion is defined
as the freedom to make choice while performing the duties of an office. This
freedom allows practitioners to apply their expertise to a problem at hand. If
an agency is given discretion, the resulting outcomes may be very different
from those preferred by the elected legislature. From the legislature’s
perspective, there is a tradeoff between capitalizing on the expertise of an
agency and controlling policy outcomes. From the agency’s perspective,
discretion can be double-edged sword-it may offer the freedom to use knowledge
but also increase an agency’s accountability.
Legislators modify discretion by writing laws with
language that limits agency authority. At least three types of restrictions on
discretion exist: limits on practitioner
judgment, specific criteria for action, and fiscal constraints. Limiting
judgment means that practitioners cannot use their expertise to change
programs—the legislature must make those decisions. Any changes to the panel
must be made by the legislature, not by the agency. This constraint differs
from restricting agency discretion through setting criteria for action.
When a legislature sets program criteria, it sets the
boundaries of a program. In community assessment of disaster preparation, this
is when a legislature specifically defines disaster preparedness, for example,
as testing for emergency measures and it can be enhanced. Some legislatures may
choose to set criteria in legislation but afford practitioners the discretion
to use judgment to change a program within those boundaries. A community
disaster agency, in this instance, would be able to change the disorders
included on their panel, but only in accordance with the criteria for
assessment community disaster preparation provided by the legislature. Finally,
fiscal resources are straightforward check the discretion. When an agency
receives finding through the legislative process, there can be delays,
decreases in allotments, etc. An agency with other few restrictions can be
limited through fiscal means.
Public disaster agency practitioners seek discretion to
deal with unforeseen circumstances, the heterogeneity of individuals and
evolving science. Restricting agency discretion reduces practitioners’ ability
to be flexible as they implement programs and increases barriers for
implementing future changes. Less discretion is hypothesized to be associated
with difficulties in program implementation.
Conceptual Paradigm:
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Figure 1: Assessment
of Disaster Preparedness of barangay officials and
barangay health workers San Roque, Sto.Tomas, Batangas
The level of preparedness and awareness of the community
is essential way to prevent and minimize injuries or deaths and to enhance life
safety when a disaster occurs. Disaster management program has a broad scope
covering such as; disaster preparedness, protocols and procedures, training and
management, coordination with LGU and NGO and public information. In line with
this, intervention proposed to enhance the existing disaster measures should be
strengthened for the improvement of life protection during calamities.
In this study, the variables are differentiated community
factors (independent) and media related factors while the dependent variables
which include compliance of the barangay officials and barangay health workers
to the propose intervention to the community during natural calamities.
It is believed that the barangay officials and barangay
health workers factors which include age, educational attainment and number of
years rendered were considered determinants for the compliance of the community
to the propose intervention to the community during natural calamities.
The framework below shows the educational attainment
profile of the respondents may affect the compliance of the barangay officials
and barangay health workers to the propose intervention to the community during
natural calamities. The demographic profile of the respondents includes age,
educational attainment and years rendered residence. This status may affect
acceptability of the propose intervention to the barangay officials and
barangay health workers during natural calamities, especially to the educational
attainment since implementation of emergency measures may vary and should be at
the level of understanding on each individual in the community. This is
included because he/she understands the proper
implementation of these interventions to proper comprehension.
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to assess the
disaster preparedness of the barangay officials and barangay health workers
during natural calamities.
Specifically,
it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What
is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Age,
1.2 Years
of residence,
1.3 Years
in Service,
1.4 Experience
in calamities, and
1.5 Educational
Attainment
2. What
are the different natural calamities of community?
2.1 Flood
2.2 Earthquake
2.3 Landslide
2.4 Storm/
typhoon
2.5 Volcanic
Eruption
3. What
are the extent of the implementation of emergency preparedness measures in the
barangay in terms of:
3.1 Protocols
and Procedures of calamities
3.2 Training
and Management
3.3 Coordination
of LGU and NGOs
3.4 Crisis
Communication Public Education and Information
4. Based
on the study what are the interventions that can be propose to enhance the
disaster measure on the community by the barangay officials and barangay health
workers?
Hypotheses of the Study
There is a significant
relationship between the extent of damage and level of preparedness of the
barangay officials and barangay health workers during disaster.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study will deals with the evaluation on first aid
preparation, skills and knowledge of the barangay
officials and barangay health workers during natural disaster/calamities
in the community. This study conducted at San Roque, Sto. Tomas, Batangas to
one of the adopted communities for 5 years of community immersion of Centro
Escolar University. Criteria set were the following: This study is limited in
the identification of the factors of what practices of
barangay officials and barangay health workersin the community during
calamities. The respondents of the study
were taken from the barangay officials and
barangay health workers in the community that lives in Brgy. San Roque,
Batangas. Strategy is to give prepared questionnaires to each respondent
in the community and focus on their physical and mental preparations for the
calamities. It uncovered their strengths and weaknesses during calamities. Those selected respondent were barangay officials and
barangay health workers. These respondents were chosen in this research because
of their knowledge about calamities and their preparedness during the event. Time frame of this study is for about
4-5 months. The limitation included the number of years rendered of residence
of each participant, length of stay and the calamities they had experienced for
at least 5 years. This can also evaluate how much training and knowledge
develop by barangay officials and barangay health workers given from local government or non-government agencies.
CHAPTER 2
Review of Related
Literatures and Studies
Introduction
This chapter contains the related
literature and studies of the study which will help in determining the
relationship, similarities and difference of this study to others; this will
also help in orienting the researchers in what is already known and unknown
regarding the topic.
Local Literature
According to Dexter See “the Centre
for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), in 2009 our country
topped the list in being the most disaster-prone area in the world because of
the 25 calamities that hit our country in that year.” [1]
According to Leo Reyes “Our country
truly suffers from many calamities and almost a hundred disasters have hit
the Philippines during the first half of the year 2010 affecting about 600,000
families according to Citizens Disasters Response Center (CDRC). Of the 99
disasters, 20 are weather-related, including drought and floods. The remaining
79 are human-induced disasters, mostly fire-related, which accounted for 41
deaths.” [2]
According to “the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(Phivolcs), presently our country is experiencing a long overdue from strong
earthquakes that gave us the chance to prepare. They urged home and building
owners to check their structures for soundness and follow building standards to
be safe.” [3]
According
to Stefan W. Cramer, Ph.D “We can prepare for disaster so
that the disaster doesn’t strike at us without warning, we may be able to limit
the damage and we prepare ourselves for the needs of rehabilitation. Store
enough food, dry fuel, batteries, other essential supplies good for three days
in case roads are closed by flooding and other damage. Consider the holding off
a disaster prevention that includes activities like drills, contest, film
presentation, etc.” [4]
According
to Zenaida G. Delica “The effect of disaster on individual and families is very
severe and examples are damage of housing, destruction of hectares of crops,
the loss of a family member, the destruction of a family home, the relocation
of families, the temporary or permanent loss of job have long term and
permanent consequences.” [5]
According to Edson C. Tandoc Jr. and “One example of this
calamity is the typhoon Ondoy on 2009, the flooded areas in Metro Manila. Back
then, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo declared a
state of calamity in Metro Manila and in 25 Luzon provinces as heavy rains
brought by the storm caused the worst flooding seen in the capital in some 20
years. Close to 2,000 people in different areas in Metro Manila were forced to
flee their homes and major thoroughfares were closed to traffic. Flooding was
reported in many districts with waters in some areas reaching as high as the
rooftops of one-storey buildings.” [6]
Foreign
Literature
According
to Angela Hughes, it is important to consider some disruption of the
electricity flow when storms attack in the month of January. As stated, having
an emergency survival kit, water, food storage can provide comfort to any
unexpected calamity situations and can be a life saver as well. Some residents
prepare for their foods, water as part of winter calamity. But, as what Joyce
Larsen stated, it is not only during natural disaster that we will be able to
prepare everything, but also to the economic disasters. [7]
According to Felix de Weldon “the American Red Cross
merely states that being
prepared for emergencies are crucial at home, school, and work and in the
community. Disaster can strike quickly and without warning. It
can force you to evacuate your neighborhood, workplace, or school or can
confine you to your home. Local officials and relief workers will be on the
scene after a disaster, but they cannot reach everyone right away. The best way
to make the family safer is to be prepared before disaster strikes. So, the
American Red Cross encourages their people to Get a kit, Make a plan, and be
informed.” [8]
The
earthquake, tsunami and nuclear calamity in Japan jolted Americans, who now are
snapping up disaster kits. According to Delios Stinson, who had quadrupled the
sales since the Japan quake, it is necessary that people should have disaster
kits or supplies at their home all the time. The Federal Emergency Management
Agency recommends that people keep a kit with supplies for each family member
for three days, in case help cannot arrive following a disaster or attack. It
should contain water, nonperishable food, a manual can opener, a first aid kit,
a flashlight and extra batteries, a whistle, a battery-powered or hand crank
radio, a dust mask, plastic sheeting and duct tape, garbage bags for sanitation
needs, a wrench or pliers to turn off utilities, local maps and a cell phone
with chargers, inverter or solar charger. [9]
Earthquake: California Institute of the Arts
Library, Valencia, California—January 2007. The Cal Arts Library was only one
of many libraries affected by this catastrophic earthquake. In addition to
heavy structural damage, this library suffered contamination from asbestos
loosened by the aftershocks. Ninety percent of the collection was thrown to the
floor, and cabinets containing more than 110,000 slides were overturned. An
outside contractor was hired to move everything out of the building, remove the
asbestos contamination, and replace the carpeting. At the time, this earthquake
was considered to be one of the most expensive natural disasters ever to occur
in the United States. With an epicenter 20 miles north of downtown Los Angeles,
it measured 6.6 on the Richter scale, killed 57 people, and caused an estimated
$30 billion in damage. Many libraries close to the epicenter suffered problems
ranging from collapsed book stacks to structural damage; a few were knocked out
of operation for weeks or even months.[10]
For many of the survivors,
good disaster planning made it possible to get their libraries or information
centers back into operation with amazing speed and effectiveness. At Lehman
Brothers’ Business Information Services, located at 3 World Financial Center,
just across the street from the World Trade Center, not only did all 58 of its
staff get out safely, but the company benefited from off-site contingency and
staff contact plans that were already in place as a result of planning done in
anticipation of Y2K. Impressively, limited operations were resumed only one day
after the attack. Everyone was back at work within a week, using several New York
locations as well as Jersey City, New Jersey, facilities. Adding to the success
of the information center’s fine disaster planning was the teamwork of
management and staff, which allowed for quickly restored continuity of its
business operations. Incredibly, in a short amount of time, the information
center’s volume of service surpassed pre-9/11 figures. [11]
Foreign
Studies
Supported
by the Japanese Funds-in-Trust through the UNESCO Bangkok, the Education for
Natural Disaster Preparedness in Asia-Pacific in the Context of ESD (Education
for Sustainable Disaster) Project employed ESD
as a framework to facilitate the production of Thailand-specific educational
materials for local communities threatened or affected by landslide.
Based
on local cultures and community learning styles, video was selected as the best
communication option to deliver landslide awareness messages to enhance
disaster education in the target area as it is a medium readily available to
the local people and one that can reach many people with different educational
backgrounds.[12]
ENDNOTES
[1] Dexter See, “RP world’s most disaster-prone,” Manila Bulletin, 6
Aug. 2010
[2] Leo Reyes, “Philippines hit by 99 disasters during
first half of the year,” Philippines Star 12 Aug. 2010
,
[4] Stefan W. Cramer, Ph.D., The United Church of Christ in the
Philippines: Disaster Management: Source book 2, (Philippines: 2006) 16-22
[5] Zenaida G.
Delica, Disaster: The Philippine Experience, , (Philippines: 2007) 121
[6] Edson C. Tandoc Jr. and , “Floods
submerge Metro Manila areas as Typhoon Ondoy batters Luzon,” Philippine
Daily Inquirer, 26 Sept. 2009
[7] Angela Hughes, Making Preparation Aids Survival, 04 Feb. 2011
[8]. Felix de Weldon, “The Red Cross Spirit: Preparedness-
An everyday task for everyday life,” AMERICAN RED CROSS of Northern New York
, 2007.
[9] C. Mulkern, “Japan Disasters Drive U.S Sales of Disaster Kits,” NEW
YORK TIMES, 2011.
[10] “Libraries Jolted by L.A. Earthquake.” G.F. American Libraries, 25(3),
March 2007: 214.
[11] “Planning
for Continuity: Special Libraries Close to the Events of September 11 Can Serve
as a Model for the Importance of Being Prepared.” Susan S. DiMattia. Library Journal, 126(19),
November 15, 2007: 32–34.
[12]UNESCO Director-General Koichiro Matsuura, Natural
Disaster Preparedness and Education for sustainable development, p.15, 3
Jan. 2006
CHAPTER 3
Methods and Procedure
This chapter presents
the processes used in conducting this study. It discusses the research design,
participants of the study, the instruments utilized in this study as well as
the statistical analysis used in data gathering.
Research Methodology
The study employed a
descriptive survey research method design in attempt to assess the disaster
preparedness of Barangay Officials and Barangay Health Workers in San Roque,
Sto. Tomas, Batangas. The term
Descriptive Research according to Polit and Beck (2008) is to observe, describe
and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs. In this study, it
described how the community people in San Roque, Sto. Tomas, Batangas prepare
during unexpected event, specifically during disaster. It also identified the
weaknesses of the community in times of disaster and how effective is the
assistance and precautions given to them by the authorities.
Subjects
of the Study
The selected 20-30
respondents in the community live in Barangay San Roque, Sto. Tomas, Batangas.
Those selected respondents were adolescents up to middle adults; 20 to 60 years
old of both sexes, have 5 years length of stay in the community, and had
experienced certain disaster as barrage officials and barrage health workers.
These respondents were chosen in this research because these groups have their
knowledge about disaster and had an idea on disaster preparedness.
Sampling
Technique
The
researchers used the Non-Probability Sampling in which respondents or subjects
are selected in a non-random way and the researchers desire to use the
available subjects at their convenience anytime during the study period. Under
the type of Non-Probability Sampling is the Purposive Sampling or judgmental sampling, in which the
selection of the sample is based on the judgment of the researcher as to which
subjects best fit the criteria of the study. It starts with a purpose in mind
and the sample is thus selected to include people of interest and exclude those
who do not suit the purpose.
Instrumentation
The
researchers used the self-structured questionnaire as a research instrument
following a specific format. These questionnaires contain specific questions
needed to seek answers to the questions or to the problems stated in this
research. The researchers structured their own questionnaire containing
questions specific for the topic of the said research proposal in order to seek
the necessary information to answer the stated research problem as well as the
sub problems of the research proposal. The answers from the questionnaires will
then be tabulated, interpreted and analyzed to make the conclusions and
recommendations that will eventually answer the problem. The questions were
formulated by the group and choices were provided in each question to limit and
be able to quantify or measure the responses of the respondents.
The
questionnaire was presented on five parts; the consent letter which assured the
respondents of their confidentiality and that they were free to withdraw from
the study anytime they wanted in any circumstances; the demographic data which
included the name, age, gender, educational attainment, length of stay and if
they experience any calamity or disaster; the different calamities they have
encountered in their community; the question proper were it evaluates the
extent of implementation of emergency preparedness measure in their community
and the recommendations or interventions of the researchers that can be propose
to enhance the disaster measure in the community.
Specific instructions
were given in the form to guide them in answering the questionnaire and to
avoid confusion. Close-ended questions were utilized in the questionnaire. The
questions were either rated or in multiple choices. The questionnaires were
given personally to the respondents. It was distributed and was retrieved on
the same day with answers from the respondents. There is a great advantage to
the said procedure because the researchers have opportunity to establish
rapport and explain the meaning of the items which may not be clear to the
respondents.
Procedure
of Data Gathering
The
researchers constructed the questionnaires starting first the demographic
profile of the respondents. The questions pertain to the level of disaster preparedness
of the barrage officials and batrangay health workers in Barangay San Roque,
Sto. Tomas, Batangas.
The researchers
considered the following procedures:
Step 1. Construction of Questionnaires
The questionnaires
contain questions for the respondents to answer. These questions were made sure
to provide necessary data for the study.
Step 2. Obtaining approval
The researchers
obtained approval of the research adviser to use the constructed questionnaire
for the research study.
Step 3. Elicit Permission Letters
The permission letters were sent to
the Barangay Captain to permit the researchers to conduct their research study
in their community. The scheduling of date of conducting the research study
followed.
Step 4. Distribution of Questionnaires
The questionnaires were
given personally by the researchers to the respondents aged 20 – 60 years old
after thoroughly explaining the objectives of the study. While the respondents
were answering the questionnaires, the researchers remained by their side to
give assistance to the respondents whenever they had some questions in mind
with regards to the questionnaire.
Step 5. Retrieval of Questionnaires
The
researchers retrieved the questionnaires after all items were answered.
Step 6. Interview of Respondents
The researchers conducted interview
to the respondents for clarifications to their answers.
Step 7. Tallying of Data
The
researchers then tallied the data gathered from the respondents.
Step 8. Interpretation of Data
After tallying the data
were interpreted and analyzed by the researchers. The data gathered were
interpreted for better understanding.
Statistical
Treatment of the Data
The
statistical tools used to analyze the data gathered were the Frequency and
Percentage Distribution.
Frequency Distribution. The frequency was obtained through
the computation of the total number of respondents, and then multiplied by 100
Percentage Computation. The expression of a part to the whole in terms of
hundredths
Formula:
P = f___
x 100
n
Where in:
P
– Percentage
f
– Frequency (number of
respondents)
n
– Total number of
respondents
100 –
Constant (to get exact percentage)
CHAPTER 4
Presentation, Interpretation
and Analysis of Data
This chapter provides the presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data based on the information gathered by the researchers.
The data in this chapter were derived from the result of the survey conducted
by the researchers.
I.
Demographic
Data
Table 1.1
Frequency and Percentage
Distribution of Respondents According to Age
|
Category
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
15-20
|
0
|
0 %
|
|
20-25
|
1
|
3.3 %
|
|
26 – 30
|
2
|
6.7 %
|
|
31 – 35
|
1
|
3.3 %
|
|
36 – 40
|
6
|
20 %
|
|
41 – 45
|
9
|
30 %
|
|
46 – 50
|
7
|
23.3 %
|
|
51-55
|
0
|
0 %
|
|
56 – 60
|
2
|
6.7 %
|
|
61 – 65
|
2
|
6.7 %
|
|
TOTAL:
|
30
|
100 %
|
Interpretation:
Table 1.1 shows those ages 41-45 is 30 percent of the
total number of respondents followed by 46-50 which is 23.3 percent while 51-55
and 15-20 with the least number of percent which is 0 percent.
The table above shows that most respondents belong to the
middle adult age group. According to Arlene F. Harder, MA, MFT when she elaborated the developmental stage
of Erik Erikson, work is the most crucial and important factor in this age
group and they tend to be occupied with creative and meaningful work and with
issues surrounding the family and community.
Table 1.2
Frequency and Percentage
Distribution of Responses According to Gender
|
Category
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
Male
|
20
|
66.7
%
|
|
Female
|
10
|
33.3
%
|
|
TOTAL:
|
30
|
100
%
|
Interpretation:
The table above shows that the
highest percentages of respondents are male with (20) 66.7 percent while female has only (10)
33.3 percent.
Analysis:
According Bradshaw to they believe that by
being the “stronger sex” they need not take precautions and because society
expects them to take heroic rescue action. Male are found to be more active in
the community and also have more experience in disaster and calamities compared
to the females who are more frequently stay at home in time of these calamities
or disasters.
Table 1.3
Frequency and Percentage
Distribution of Responses According to Educational Attainment
|
Category
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
Elementary
Graduate
|
2
|
6.7
%
|
|
High
School Undergraduate
|
5
|
16.7
%
|
|
High
School Graduate
|
10
|
33.3
%
|
|
M.A.
Graduate
|
0
|
0
|
|
College
Undergraduate
|
10
|
33.3
%
|
|
College
Graduate
|
3
|
10
%
|
|
Ph.D.
Graduate
|
0
|
0
|
|
TOTAL
|
30
|
100
%
|
Interpretation:
The table 2.2 the educational
attainment shows majority of the respondents were High School Graduate and
College Undergraduate with a total of 10 or 33.3%; and no one undergone to M.A.
and Ph.D.
Analysis:
Educational attainment in
relationship where disaster reduction begins at school where integrating
preparedness is into the curriculum further means that the higher the education
attained by an individual the more he becomes aware on the correct procedure,
and the lower the education attained by the individual the lesser is his level
of awareness and few trained persons are within the high school level or high
school graduate.
Table 1.4
Frequency and Percentage
Distribution of Responses According to Length of Stay
|
Category
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
0
– 5 months
|
0
|
0
|
|
6
months to 1 year
|
1
|
3.3
%
|
|
2
to 5 years
|
2
|
6.7
%
|
|
6
to 10 years
|
4
|
13.3
%
|
|
11
years and above: please specify _____
|
23
|
76.7
%
|
|
TOTAL
|
30
|
100%
|
Interpretation:
The table 1.4 shows the length of stay of the
respondents. The highest percentage were 11 years above with a total of 23 or
76.7% followed by 6 to 10 years with a total of 4 or 13.3%; 2 to 5 years 2 or
6.7%; 6 months to 1 year 1 or 3.3% and no one stayed for only 5 months.
Analysis:
The length of stay of a person on
his community makes him familiarize on different situations and easy to cope on
such disasters. They know how to handle according to their experience and
capabilities in order to survive.
Table 1.5
Frequency and Percentage
Distribution of Responses According to Years in Service
|
Category
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
1-3 years
|
5
|
16.7%
|
|
3-5years
|
6
|
20%
|
|
5-8years
|
2
|
6.7%
|
|
8-10 years
|
17
|
56.7%
|
|
TOTAL
|
30
|
100%
|
The table 1.5 shows the highest number of years in
service of the respondents were 8-10 years with a total of 17 or 56.7%,
followed by 3-5 years with a total of 6 or 20%; 1-3 years with 5 or 16.7% and
the lowest were 5-8 years with a total of 2 or 6.7%.
No
supporting data or theory
Table 1.6
Frequency and Percentage
Distribution of Responses According to Calamity Experienced
|
Category
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
30
|
100%
|
|
No
|
0
|
0
|
|
TOTAL
|
30
|
100%
|
Interpretation:
The table 1.6 shows that 100 percent of the total
respondents is said to experience calamity situation. This shows that all of
the barangay officials and barrage health workers experience calamity situation
in their community.
Analysis:
The Philippines is considered one of the most
disaster-prone countries in the world. Its location makes it vulnerable to a
variety of natural disasters. Lying on the western rim of the pacific and along
the circum-pacific seismic belt, it is subject to storms, typhoons, earthquakes,
floods, volcanic eruptions, droughts and faces other natural hazards. Disasters
are a serious threat to people and economic assets, particularly in densely
populated areas. At least 60% of the total land area of the country is exposed
to multiple hazards, and as a result 74% of its population is vulnerable.
2. Different Natural Calamities of Community
Table
2.1
Frequency
and Percentage Distribution of Responses According to Common Calamity/ Disaster
Situation present in the community
|
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
2.1 Flood
|
27
|
90%
|
|
2.2 Earthquakes
|
21
|
90
|
|
2.3 Landslides
|
1
|
3.3%
|
|
2.4 Volcanic Eruption
|
8
|
26.7%
|
|
2.5 Storm/ Typhoon
|
30
|
100%
|
|
2.6 Burns
|
15
|
50%
|
Interpretation:
The above table shows that the
highest percentage of common disaster that are present in the community are
storm/ typhoon which is 30 or 100 percent followed by flood which has 27 or 90 percent. The least common disasters
that are usually present in the community are volcanic eruption which is 8 or
26.7 percent followed by landslides with only 1 or 3.3 percent.
Analysis:
Based on the above table, it only
shows that the community or the barangay are more prone to storm/typhoon and
flood which greatly affect all the barangays. According to Leo Reyes, our
country truly suffers from many calamities and almost a hundred disasters have hit
the Philippines during the first half of the year 2010 affecting about 600,000
families according to Citizens Disasters Response Center (CDRC). Of the 99
disasters, 20 are weather-related, including drought and floods. The remaining
79 are human-induced disasters, mostly fire-related, which accounted for 41
deaths.
3. Implementation of Emergency Preparedness Measures in
the Barangay
Table
3.1
Frequency and Percentage
Distribution of Responses According to Common Emergency Measures utilized
during calamities/disaster.
3.1 Protocols
and Procedures
|
Category
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
1.1.1 Acquire maps of the
affected area
|
12
|
40%
|
|
1.1.2 Acquire weather
information (e.g. hurricane swaths, flooded areas)
|
29
|
96%
|
|
1.1.3 Obtain information
from local responders related to other assessments conducted (e.g. fly over,
area assessments)
|
27
|
90%
|
|
1.1.4 Arrange a meeting of
community members through Neighborhood
|
26
|
86.7%
|
|
1.1.5 Noting contact
information and plans for children and seniors who may be home alone during
emergency situations.
|
29
|
96.7%
|
|
1.1.6 Develop a
neighborhood evacuation plan
|
26
|
86.2%
|
|
1.1.7 Discuss the
likelihood and consequences of the disaster
|
29
|
96.7%
|
Interpretation:
The above table shows that the
highest percentage of common emergency measures utilizing by the community
during disaster are acquiring weather information, noting contact information
and plans for children and seniors who may be home alone during emergency
situations and discuss the likelihood and consequences of the disaster; both of
which has 29 or 96 percent followed by obtaining information from local
responders related to other assessments conducted that has 27 or 90 percent.
The least common emergency measures that are present are arranging meeting of
community members and develop a neighborhood evacuation plan, both of which has
26 or 86.7 percent followed by acquiring maps of the affected area which has
only 12 or 40 percent.
Analysis:
According to Felix de Weldon, the
American Red Cross merely states that being prepared for emergencies are crucial at home,
school, and work and in the community. Disaster can strike
quickly and without warning. It can force you to evacuate your neighborhood,
workplace, or school or can confine you to your home. Local officials and
relief workers will be on the scene after a disaster, but they cannot reach
everyone right away. The best way to make the family safer is to be prepared
before disaster strikes. So, the American Red Cross encourages their people to
Get a kit, Make a plan, and be informed.
Table 3.2
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Responses
According to Communications and Warning
|
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
1.2.1
Alerting the community people thru radio or local television
|
26
|
86.7%
|
|
1.2.2 Alerting the community people thru using of
sirens
|
24
|
80%
|
|
1.2.3
Posting Posters about different warnings and protocols during disaster
|
27
|
90%
|
|
1.2.4
Conducting a meeting, disaster training, and education (Basic Life Support
and First Aid)
|
27
|
90%
|
Interpretation:
Table
3.2 shows that the highest line of communication and warning alerts of the
respondents are posters of different warnings and conducting disaster trainings
with a total of 27 out of 30 or a percentage of 90% followed by alerting community
people thru radio or local television with a total of 26 or with a percentage
of 86.7%. Alerting people thru sirens has the least number of percentages which
is 24 or 80%.
Analysis:
Based on local cultures and
community learning styles, video was selected as the best communication option
to deliver landslide awareness messages to enhance disaster education in the
target area as it is a medium readily available to the local people and one
that can reach many people with different educational backgrounds.
Table 3.3
Frequency and Percentage
Distribution of Responses According to Training and Management
|
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
1.3.1 Getting ready with hazard map
|
24
|
80%
|
|
1.3.2 Evacuation drill/training or briefing how to
manage an evacuation center
|
27
|
90%
|
|
1.3.3 Special skills in rescue
|
24
|
73.3%
|
|
1.3.4 Preparing a counter-disaster plan
|
24
|
80%
|
|
1.3.5 Readying warning devices system
|
25
|
83.3%
|
|
1.3.6 Preparing communication and transport facilities
|
27
|
90%
|
|
1.3.7 Organizing disaster response machineries
|
25
|
83.3%
|
|
1.3.8 Disaster medicine/ first aid
|
27
|
96.7%
|
|
1.3.9 Manuals and bulletins provided to media
professionals
|
25
|
83.3%
|
|
1.3.10 School earthquake safety
|
26
|
86.7%
|
|
1.3.11 Organization of barangay disaster action team
|
27
|
70%
|
Interpretation:
Table 3.3 shows that the highest
Training and Management of the respondents is the disaster medicine/first aid
garnering a percentage score of 96.7% or 27, followed by preparation of
transport facilities which has a percentage of 90% or 27. Organizing disaster
response machineries and a warning devices system has an average percentage of
83.3% or 25. And the least number of percentages is the preparation of counter
disaster plan garnering a percentage of 80% or 24.
Analysis:
The training should aim by enhancing the level of emergency
preparedness and the capacity for disaster response including correct and
prompt reporting systems from the field to the relevant health authorities.
According to Felix de Weldon “the American Red Cross merely states that being prepared for any emergencies are crucial at home, school, and work
and in the community. Disaster can strike quickly and without warning. It
can force you to evacuate your neighborhood, workplace, or school or can
confine you to your home. Local officials and relief workers will be on the
scene after a disaster, but they cannot reach everyone right away. The best way
to make the family safer is to be prepared before disaster strikes. So, the
American Red Cross encourages their people to Get a kit, Make a plan, and be
informed.”
Table 3.4
Frequency and Percentage
Distribution of Responses According to Coordination of LGU and NGO
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
|
1.4.1 First aid Seminar
|
28
|
93.3%
|
|
1.4.2 Disaster Drills/ training
|
25
|
83.3%
|
|
1.4.3 Basic Life Support
|
27
|
90%
|
|
1.4.4 Retrieval Operation training
|
26
|
86.7%
|
|
1.4.5 Giving Reliefs
|
30
|
100%
|
Interpretation:
The above table shows that the
highest percentage of common trainings or operations that are being coordinated
with the LGU and NGO are giving reliefs which has 30 or 100 percent and giving
of first aid seminars that has 28 or 93.3 percent. The least common activities
are retrieval operation training which has 26 or 86.7 percent has followed by
disaster drills/ training that has 25 or 83.3 percent.
Analysis:
According to Stefan
W. Cramer, Ph.D
“We can prepare for disaster so that the disaster doesn’t strike at us without
warning, we may be able to limit the damages and we prepare ourselves for the
needs of rehabilitation. Store enough food, dry fuel, batteries,
other essential supplies good for three days in case roads are closed by
flooding and other damage. Consider the holding off a disaster prevention that
includes activities like drills, contest, film presentation, etc.”
Table 3.5
Frequency and Percentage
Distribution of Responses According to Crisis Communication
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
|
1.5.1.1 Lack of awareness of television news
|
22
|
73.3%
|
|
1.5.1.2 Lack of mobile phones
|
19
|
63.3%
|
|
1.5.1.3 Lack of announcement in the community/ barangay
|
23
|
76.7%
|
Interpretation:
The above table shows that the
highest percentage of crisis communication is lack of announcement in the
community/ barangay which has 23 or 76.7 percent and the least common crisis
communication is lack of mobile phones that has 19 or 63.6 percent.
Analysis:
According to Maulin Joshi, “efficient communication needs hardware and software systems of
considerable sophistication. In the various phases of Disaster Management,
where every minute and every effort are precious, it is the efficient and
flawless communication which ensures the success of the operation. A concerted effort is required to train every originator and each
recipient in order to make the communication effective, so as to achieve the
intended objectives.”
Table 3.6
Frequency and Percentage
Distribution of Responses According to Public Education
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
|
1.5.2.1 Implement drills e.g. Fire drill
|
27
|
90%
|
|
1.5.2.2 Most important things and foods that
needs to prepare before or during the disaster
|
29
|
96.7%
|
Interpretation:
Table 3.6 shows that Public
education has 96 percent and Implementation of drill is 90 percent
Analysis:
The table shows emphasize to the
importance of public education as Stefan
W. Cramer, Ph.D stated “We can prepare for disaster so that the disaster doesn’t strike
at us without warning, we may be able to limit the damage and we prepare
ourselves for the needs of rehabilitation. Store enough food, dry
fuel, batteries, other essential supplies good for three days in case roads are
closed by flooding and other damage. Consider the holding off a disaster
prevention that includes activities like drills, contest, film presentation,
etc.”
Table 3.7
Frequency and Percentage
Distribution of Responses According to Information
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
|
1.5.3.1 Announcement in the community be the barangay official
|
28
|
93.3%
|
|
1.5.3.2 Watch the news or hear radio to assess the severity of
the disaster
|
27
|
90%
|
Interpretation:
The table 3.7 shows that (28) 93.3% of the total
respondents are said that they announce in the community as barangay official
and (27) 90% of the total respondents are said that they watch the news or hear
radio to assess the severity of the disaster
This shows that all of the barangay officials are not
just watching television but hearing radio to assess the severity of the
disaster for them and waited to be
announce on their community.
Analysis:
A flash report outlining basic
information on the type of disaster, location of incidence and so forth should
be submitted to the National Disaster Coordinating Counsel within one hour of a
disaster; a damage and needs assessment, primarily focusing on medical, health, food, clothing and shelter
requirements and on damage to lifelines, within six hours; and an information
guide on damage assessment within 12
hours, giving further information on the damage to infrastructure (including
commercial facilities) and agriculture,
provision of essential utility services and so forth.
Table 3.8
Frequency
and Percentage Distribution of Responses According to Common materials/Equipment Prepared by the Barangay
Officials and Barangay Health Workers during Emergency Disaster
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
|
Radio
|
30
|
100%
|
|
Flashlights
|
30
|
100%
|
|
Batteries
|
30
|
100%
|
|
Canned goods
|
29
|
96.7%
|
|
First aid kit
|
29
|
96.7%
|
|
Blankets
|
30
|
100%
|
|
Medicines
|
30
|
100%
|
Interpretation:
The table 3.8 shows the common
materials/equipment prepared by the Barangay Officials and Barangay Health
Workers during emergency disaster. It shows that Radio, Flashlights, Batteries,
Blankets and Medicines are their most priority which has 30 or 100% and
followed by Canned goods and First aid kit which has 29 or 96.7%
Analysis:
Having an emergency survival kit,
water, food storage can provide comfort to any unexpected calamity situations
and can be a life saver as well. Some residents prepare for their foods, water
as part of winter calamity. It is necessary that people should have disaster kits
or supplies at their home all the time. People keep a kit with supplies for
each family member for three days, in case help cannot arrive following a
disaster or attack. It should contain water, nonperishable food, a manual can
opener, a first aid kit, a flashlight and extra batteries, a whistle, a
battery-powered or hand crank radio, a dust mask, plastic sheeting and duct
tape, garbage bags for sanitation needs, a wrench or pliers to turn off
utilities, local maps and a cell phone with chargers, inverter or solar
charger.
Table 3.9
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Responses according
to Different Drills Being Implemented for the Preparedness
of Disaster by the Barangay Officials and Barangay Health Workers.
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
|
Fire Drills
|
29
|
96.7%
|
|
Earthquake
drills
|
29
|
96.7%
|
|
Safety drills
|
29
|
96.7%
|
|
Flood drills
|
29
|
96.7%
|
|
Volcanic
drills
|
27
|
90%
|
|
Landslide
drills
|
28
|
93%
|
|
Typhoon drills
|
29
|
96.7%
|
Interpretation:
The table 3.9 shows that the Fire
Drills, Earthquake drills, Safety drills, Flood drills and Typhoon drills are
the most drills being implemented for the preparedness of disaster by the
barangay officials and barangay health workers and the least common are the
Landslide drills 28 or 93%.
Analysis:
Being prepared for emergencies are crucial at home,
school, and work and in the community. Disaster can strike
quickly and without warning. It can force you to evacuate your neighborhood,
workplace, or school or can confine you to your home. Local officials and
relief workers will be on the scene after a disaster, but they cannot reach
everyone right away. The best way to make the family safer is to be prepared
before disaster strikes. So, people are encouraged to Get a kit, Make a plan,
and be informed.
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